Economic Transformation Programme Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Economic Transformation Program. Answer: Financial Transformation Program (ETP) TheEconomic Transformation Program was figured with the goal of lifting the nation under the status of created country by 2020 with a focused on GNI per capita of US $15,000. This will be achieved by pulling in a venture of US $444 billion with the target of making 3.3 million new openings. The objective of ETP for 2020 can be accomplished by forcing 12 national KeyEconomic zones, speaking to monetary segments, which represents critical commitments to GNI (Case et al., 2014). The program is planned for fortifying the countries business condition to ensure that the Malaysian organizations are all inclusive serious. Estimating the swelling rate expanded by 3.63 percent from the earlier year in the month June contrasted with beneath advertise ascent of 3.9 percent in the earlier month and shy of market expectations. It is viewed as the slowest pace of swelling since the January, especially due the fall in the expense of food and transportation. The joblessness rate in Malaysia for the year 2017 stood 3.4 percent (Taussig 2013). The quantity of jobless individual expanded by 1.2 percent with the quantity of utilized individual developed by 2.1 percent. The occasionally balanced joblessness rate stood 3.4 percent. The GDP development rate increased by 5.6 percent in the main quarter of 2017 in contrast with 4.5 percent development in the past a quarter of a year and past the market desires for 4.8 percent. It is the most grounded extension since walk. Henceforth, it very well may be said that ETP investigates new territories for development that empowers divisions to expand the worth chain. References: Case, K. E., Fair, R. C., Oster, S. (2014). Standards of financial matters. Pearson Higher Ed. Taussig, F.W., 2013.Principles ofeconomics (Vol. 2). Cosimo, Inc.

World History.The Effects of Slavery on Slave Owners Essay

World History.The Effects of Slavery on Slave Owners - Essay Example This paper tries to endeavor to attempt to approve the cases that in spite of the fact that the whole business that supposedly existed among slave and ace can basically be viewed as an unending activity displaying the most rambunctious interests, with one section being set apart by a corrupting accommodation and the other being in a general sense portrayed by unremitting dictatorship. With the end goal for one to all the more likely comprehend the impacts that subjugation apparently has had on the slave proprietors, it is significant that one first handles a comprehension of what precisely is implied by the utilization of the term subjection. Servitude can be characterized similar to the condition or status of a given individual where by the forces that are regularly observed to append the privileges of proprietorship are seen to worked out. The individual over whom subjection is being practiced supposedly is prevented from securing all the essential human principal rights by the pro prietor who sees the individual as being unimportant property. Subjugation supposedly had some somewhat wide extending consequences for the people who rehearsed it running from the individuals that really catch the slaves and exchange them, the vendors taking part in slave exchange just as the people that buy these slaves and become slave proprietors. While taking part in servitude apparently has made an enormous number of the slave proprietors become

Do YouTube likes assist your ability to rank higher in Search Engines

Do YouTube likes assist your ability to rank higher in Search Engines Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Do YouTube likes assist your ability to rank higher in Search Engines?Updated On 07/10/2019Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : SEOShort URL : https://hbb.me/2QRd3mc CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogYouTube, like any other large site with a huge amount of content, has a particular set of guidelines which decide how to rank everything uploaded. Rather like exams are graded in A, B, C fashion based on the way questions are answered, so YouTube looks at a set of criteria â€" but they are perhaps a little broader than you may expect. If you are looking for YouTube likes then you should get YouTube likes at Social Media Daily.It may seem unfair, but content that is liked is noticed by search engines and promoted to more people, while unseen but potentially genius content struggles to be noticed and have that same opportunity. Unfortunately there is no other obvious way search engi ne bots could possibly classify which things are valid, relevant and engaging to read.Computers rely on humans to help them, and on YouTube viewers do this by liking videos. So, as the number of likes on a video or channel rises so does the chance of being featured in search results.Hold on! There’s more to search engine ranking than just likesWhile it’s true that YouTube’s search engine algorithm assesses the number of likes awarded there is several more factors which you shouldn’t ignore if you want to boost your own chance of climbing those result charts. These include:Using keywords strategicallyThere are plenty of articles free online which provide tutorials on how to identify and use the best possible keywords. There are also paid services available. It makes sense to mention the words and phrases that are popular when people are searching for content.READSEO Clients: Which Do You Have?Produce content people are likely to look forWithin your interest niche make time to figure out what people want to know, see or learn about then deliver it, in a professional way. People have a thirst for knowledge, from the obvious to the obscure â€" so exploit this.Tag wiselyBe as accurate as possible, as misleading viewers won’t win you any fans. It’s fine to be a little inventive, but be honest and don’t forget to get the main keywords in there too.Plan to keep your audience engagedYouTube’s search engine definitely rewards members who have videos with a good watch time. If viewers are clicking away after a short time into your video your ranking will automatically fall, but this can be avoided.Make sure the length is appropriate for the topic, there’s no wasted time or endless talking sections, and of course that you have a gripping start to the whole thing to hold attention.Up the number of videos watched in one viewingIf someone moves from one to another (or more) of your videos YouTube will be impressed and boost your ranking. You can encourage t his behaviour by making playlists with related content which is difficult to resist.Overall then we can see that likes are not the only factor in a decent YouTube search result ranking, so while they require thought and attention so do half a dozen other things too.

A Beginners Guide to Economic Indicators

An economic indicator is simply any economic statistic, such as the unemployment rate, GDP, or the inflation rate, which indicate how well the economy is doing and how well the economy is going to do in the future. As shown in the article How Markets Use Information To Set Prices investors use all the information at their disposal to make decisions. If a set of economic indicators suggest that the economy is going to do better or worse in the future than they had previously expected, they may decide to change their investing strategy. To understand economic indicators, we must understand the ways in which economic indicators differ. There are three major attributes each economic indicator has: Three Attributes of Economic Indicators Relation to the Business Cycle / EconomyEconomic Indicators can have one of three different relationships to the economy:Procyclic: A procyclic (or procyclical) economic indicator is one that moves in the same direction as the economy. So if the economy is doing well, this number is usually increasing, whereas if were in a recession this indicator is decreasing. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is an example of a procyclic economic indicator.Countercyclic: A countercyclic (or countercyclical) economic indicator is one that moves in the opposite direction as the economy. The unemployment rate gets larger as the economy gets worse so it is a countercyclic economic indicator.Acyclic: An acyclic economic indicator is one that has no relation to the health of the economy and is generally of little use. The number of home runs the Montreal Expos hit in a year generally has no relationship to the health of the economy, so we could say it is an acyclic economic indicator.Frequency of the Dat aIn most countries, GDP figures are released quarterly (every three months) while the unemployment rate is released monthly. Some economic indicators, such as the Dow Jones Index, are available immediately and change every minute.TimingEconomic Indicators can be leading, lagging, or coincident which indicates the timing of their changes relative to how the economy as a whole changes.Three Timing Types of Economic IndicatorsLeading: Leading economic indicators are indicators which change before the economy changes. Stock market returns are a leading indicator, as the stock market usually begins to decline before the economy declines and they improve before the economy begins to pull out of a recession. Leading economic indicators are the most important type for investors as they help predict what the economy will be like in the future.Lagged: A lagged economic indicator is one that does not change direction until a few quarters after the economy does. The unemployment rate is a lagge d economic indicator as unemployment tends to increase for 2 or 3 quarters after the economy starts to improve.Coincident: A coincident economic indicator is one that simply moves at the same time the economy does. The Gross Domestic Product is a coincident indicator. Â   Many different groups collect and publish economic indicators, but the most important American collection of economic indicators is published by the United States Congress. Their Economic Indicators are published monthly and are available for download in PDF and TEXT formats. The indicators fall into seven broad categories: Total Output, Income, and SpendingEmployment, Unemployment, and WagesProduction and Business ActivityPricesMoney, Credit, and Security MarketsFederal FinanceInternational Statistics Each of the statistics in these categories helps create a picture of the performance of the economy and how the economy is likely to do in the future. Total Output, Income, and Spending These tend to be the broadest measures of economic performance and include such statistics as: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) [quarterly]Real GDP [quarterly]Implicit Price Deflator for GDP [quarterly]Business Output [quarterly]National Income [quarterly]Consumption Expenditure [quarterly]Corporate Profits[quarterly]Real Gross Private Domestic Investment[quarterly] The Gross Domestic Product is used to measure economic activity and thus is both procyclical and a coincident economic indicator. The Implicit Price Deflator is a measure of inflation. Inflation is procyclical as it tends to rise during booms and falls during periods of economic weakness. Measures of inflation are also coincident indicators. Consumption and consumer spending are also procyclical and coincident. Employment, Unemployment, and Wages These statistics cover how strong the labor market is and they include the following: The Unemployment Rate [monthly]Level of Civilian Employment[monthly]Average Weekly Hours, Hourly Earnings, and Weekly Earnings[monthly]Labor Productivity [quarterly] The unemployment rate is a lagged, countercyclical statistic. The level of civilian employment measures how many people are working so it is procyclic. Unlike the unemployment rate, it is a coincident economic indicator. Production and Business Activity These statistics cover how much businesses are producing and the level of new construction in the economy: Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization [monthly]New Construction [monthly]New Private Housing and Vacancy Rates [monthly]Business Sales and Inventories [monthly]Manufacturers Shipments, Inventories, and Orders [monthly] Changes in business inventories is an important leading economic indicator as they indicate changes in consumer demand. New construction including new home construction is another procyclical leading indicator which is watched closely by investors. A slowdown in the housing market during a boom often indicates that a recession is coming, whereas a rise in the new housing market during a recession usually means that there are better times ahead. Prices This category includes both the prices consumers pay as well as the prices businesses pay for raw materials and include: Producer Prices [monthly]Consumer Prices [monthly]Prices Received And Paid By Farmers [monthly] These measures are all measures of changes in the price level and thus measure inflation. Inflation is procyclical and a coincident economic indicator. Money, Credit, and Security Markets These statistics measure the amount of money in the economy as well as interest rates and include: Money Stock (M1, M2, and M3) [monthly]Bank Credit at All Commercial Banks [monthly]Consumer Credit [monthly]Interest Rates and Bond Yields [weekly and monthly]Stock Prices and Yields [weekly and monthly] Nominal interest rates are influenced by inflation, so like inflation, they tend to be procyclical and a coincident economic indicator. Stock market returns are also procyclical but they are a leading indicator of economic performance. Federal Finance These are measures of government spending and government deficits and debts: Federal Receipts (Revenue)[yearly]Federal Outlays (Expenses) [yearly]Federal Debt [yearly] Governments generally try to stimulate the economy during recessions and to do so they increase spending without raising taxes. This causes both government spending and government debt to rise during a recession, so they are countercyclical economic indicators. They tend to be coincident to the business cycle. International Trade These are a measure of how much the country is exporting and how much they are importing: Industrial Production and Consumer Prices of Major Industrial CountriesU.S. International Trade In Goods and ServicesU.S. International Transactions When times are good people tend to spend more money on both domestic and imported goods. The level of exports tends not to change much during the business cycle. So the balance of trade (or net exports) is countercyclical as imports outweigh exports during boom periods. Measures of international trade tend to be coincident economic indicators. While we cannot predict the future perfectly, economic indicators help us understand where we are and where we are going.

The Cold War During World War II - 2269 Words

The Cold War was a crucial war that took place shortly after World War II. The Cold War was a war between the Soviet Union and the United States. It is interesting to note that two countries that worked together as a team and were allies during World War II goes into war against each other shortly after the end of the greatest war in human history. The defeat of Germany and Japan along with the economic devastation that had occurred in Europe left many of the superpowers in the world during this time with minimal power. The two major powers that came out of World War II were the USSR (Soviet Union) and the United States of America. Since the major superpowers during WWII were crippled after the end of WWII, there were no real competitors or regional competitors for to the Soviet Union and America. As a result, the Soviet Union and United States of America emerged as the new superpowers of the world. Since there was literally no competitions to these nations, both United States and th e Soviet Union started to spread their power worldwide. The United States’ political ideology was based on democracy whereas on the contrary the USSR’s political ideology revolved around communism. The major driving force of the Cold War is the difference in political ideologies between the nations. Both USSR and the USA did not support the spread of each of their ideologies. The conflict in ideologies made it prevalent that the superpowers- USSR and the United States did not trust each other.Show MoreRelatedThe Cold War During World War II930 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was political hostility between the United States of America and the Soviet Union through threats, propaganda and series of warfare incidents that made these superpowers of the time suspicious of one another. With the sources of the reader I will explain who’s to be at fault for the Cold war, the United States or the Soviet Union. The term â€Å"Cold War† according to Heonik Kwon i n his document origins of the Cold War â€Å"†¦ refers to the prevailing condition of the world in the second halfRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II Essay1185 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War was not a military conflict, but was an ongoing political conflict involving both military and economic competition between two superpowers advancing rapidly wanting to be number one. The evolvement of the Cold War began during and after World War I, although the official beginning of the Cold War was in 1945, at the Yalta Conference after World War II. There were many causes of the Cold War, but can be summed up as a battle between capitalism and communism. Also, along with PresidentRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War was the name given to the non-aggressive conflict between The United States and Russia that began after World War II. However, there is disagreement over the exact dates of the Cold War. Nevertheless, it took place somewhere between the end of World War II and the early 1989 (Wendt n.d). The Cold War brought about a number of crises in the decades that it lasted. These crises include: Vietnam, the Berlin Wall, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Cold War itself was the result of the UnitedRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II854 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a major event in the U.S. and Soviet Union’s history. The main reason that these two countries entered into the Cold War after World War II was power. The USSR and United States had two very different perspectives on power coming out of World War II. This disagreement ultimately caused the Cold War. Russia’s perspective after World War II was influenced by Joseph Stalin. Stalin, the leader of the USSR at the time, was a merciless dictator. His main concern was maintaining power andRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II1397 Words   |  6 PagesWar is the result of hate and brutality that can affect people in a negative way. The Cold War relates to the war in the Butter Battle book as it demonstrates hate, which should not be taught to kids in children s books. Conflict and competition can lead to war. The Cold War was a 45 year long rivalry between the Western powers, led by the United States and the Soviet Union. The United States formed a military base to protect them from other threats such as the Soviets. The expansion of the SovietRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II1324 Words   |  6 PagesWhen World War II ended, the last thing the countries imagined was another worldwide conflict. But that’s exactly was soon ensued when the Cold War erupted between the Eastern powers and the Western powers. The Eastern powers consisted of the Soviet Union and the Western powers consisted of America, Britain and France. During World War II, these allies had a common ground to work together in effort to fight against Hitler and the Nazi Party. The Cold War wasn’t an actual war where battles were fought;Read MoreThe Cold War During World War II Essay1632 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War was a clash of culture, ideologies, and a standoff between the world s two greatest nuclear powers. The argument of the American side was based around Capitalism and a hunger for ever growing business while the Soviet Union’s was structured around Communism and it’s powerful theocracy that stated it must be spread to every country on the planet. As a result, there has been much debate about whether the U.S. initiated the Cold War through their usage of the atomic bomb in World War IIRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II1760 Words   |  8 PagesEssay One During World War II the United States and the Soviet Union were allies, but by 1950, their relationship had disintegrated and the two nations were engaged in a â€Å"Cold War.† The â€Å"Cold War† occurred due to efforts by both nations after the war to maintain influence in regions like Eastern Europe for the Soviets and Turkey and Greece for the United States, but the â€Å"Cold War† wasn’t limited to these disputes. The â€Å"Cold War† was influenced by many factors on the United States side including theRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II970 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a period of 44 years of both military and political tension after World War II. There were many ideals and events that lead to the Cold War. Nationalism, poor economic conditions, and a strong desire for democracy and human rights are the primary reasons that many believe the Cold War started. However, these are just a few of the reasons for the Cold War. Events s uch as the Yalta Conference, Truman Doctrine, Potsdam Conference, and the Marshall Plan also greatly influenced the startRead MoreThe Cold War During World War II2261 Words   |  10 PagesThe Cold War was a period of rivalry short of armed confrontation. Tensions oscillated between former allies of the World War II, Russia and America, leading to the infamous cold war. It is rather difficult to determine the starting point of the Cold War because the East-West relationship had been deteriorating since a long time due to their conflicting ideologies and aspirations. However, the circumstances required for them to form an alliance in World War II, but this friendship was short lived

The Laws Of The United States - 1631 Words

A number of states in the United States of America have passed right-to-work legislation and the idea has recently been trending as more states are enacting the laws. There are still plenty of states that do not follow the right-to-work provisions, but in those that do, significant effects have been witnessed. Right-to-work legislation allows workers to collect the benefits of any union agreements within their company, but can choose to forego paying fees. Also, the employees in the states with right-to work provisions can join labor unions if they wish to do so without being forced by their employers to join a union as a requirement for employment. This paper will attempt to detail the history of right-to-work laws, explain current†¦show more content†¦For instance, a worker in a unionized workplace and in a state with right-to-work legislation can decide to be represented by the union and at the same time opt not to pay the dues required by the union. This has develop ed to become a major point of contention for many labor unions which has caused them to fight back. The labor unions oppose the right-to-work legislation because they have degraded their abilities to fight for the rights of workers effectively. These unions depend on the membership dues as they help in keeping them funded and in enabling them to be more proactive on the issues regarding workers’ rights such as paid sick leave, overtime, and minimum wage. Many labor union representatives argue that the workers in unionized workplaces in the states that lack right-to-work legislation, tend to be better paid than the employees in states with right-to-work legislation. As per The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (2017), the largest federation of labor unions in America, the employees in right-to-work states make around $6,100 U.S dollars less in a year than the neighbors in the states that lack right-to-work legislation. Nevertheless, the push for right-to-work provisions has continued to increase, thus making the laborShow MoreRelatedThe Law Of The United States1314 Words   |  6 Pagespregnancies. The law requires an employer to allow twelve unpaid work weeks to be taken in a twelve month period every year. The United States Department of Labor states, â€Å"This law covers only certain employers; affects only those employees eligible for the protections of the law; involves entitlement to leave, maintenance of health benefits during leave, and job restoration after leave;. . . † This may guarantee your job and health benefits to be kept during the twelve week period, but the law does notRead MoreThe Law Of The United States1512 Words   |  7 PagesChristopher Kupka, Recent Developments in Labor and Employment Law: Remediation of Unfair Labor Practices and the EFCA: Justifications, Criticisms, and Alternatives, 38 RUTGERS L. REC. 3, (2010-2011) (finding that the remedies available under the NLRA are ine ffective at deterring employers from committing ULPs and therefore do not adequately protect workers.). HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, UNFAIR ADVANTAGES: WORKERS’ FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION IN THE UNITED STATES UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS (August 2000)Read MoreThe Law Of The United States Essay1957 Words   |  8 PagesWhen the vagrancy law was out of the lawmaker reach, they found themselves back in the same problem they were in after slavery ended. Out of desperation to find a solution to their slave labor problem, the state took full advantage of the Tenth Amendment. The tenth Amendment â€Å"establishes a strong principle of states rights in the Constitution. Any powers not explicitly given to the federal government can be assumed to belong to the states, or directly to the people†. With this piece of legal documentRead MoreThe Law Of The United States1920 Words   |  8 Pageslegal truth that ignorance of law is no excuse (ignorantia juris non excusat) i.e., every prudent man of the society is supposed to know the law of the land which concerns about his right, life, liberty, duty, obligation, powers, privileges and immunities. The workmen, the employers engaging such workmen and the law enforcement agencies (Inspectors), it is expected, are required to know the law (Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act) with which they interact. Awareness of law for all such classes of personsRead MoreUnited States Law And International Law Essay2019 Words   |  9 PagesSubsequently this class provided a narrative I could adapt to understand international policies studied in my US law and international Law classes taught by former STPEC alumni Buz Eisenburg. His role and insightful experiences as an international attorney who has volunteered his time to such cases like Guantanamo Bay and domestic issues around prohibiting the construction of Corporate box stores like Wall Mart. His class continued to explain the involvement not only on global matters of human rightRead MoreCopyright Laws Of The United States1600 Words   |  7 PagesA copyright is a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States to authors of original works of authorship. â€Å"Copyright law in the United States is based on the Copyright Act of 1976, a federal statute that went into effect on January 1, 1978,† according to FindLaw. FindLaw also states that, â€Å"Individual states cannot enact their own laws to protect the same rights provided by the Copyright Act. Original multimedia works are protected by Copyright.† Literary, dramatic, musical, artisticRead MoreGun Laws in the United States1036 Words   |  5 Pagesin the United States (US) is too easy and the laws governing access should be strengthened. Current US gun laws are very permissive, which has led to excessive gun-related violence and deaths. Guns are one of the leading causes of violence in the US at the moment, and access to guns (legally and illegally) is very easy. Currently, there are ~211 million firearms in circulation and 70 million are handguns. (1) Today, there is at least one gun in fifty-percent of households in the United States. In 24Read MoreLaw Enforcement Of The United States1333 Words   |  6 PagesJuan Lopez Ms. Dennaoui English 12 23 April 2015 Law Enforcement Imagine if there was no type of law enforcement code for a month in your city. Crime rates will be at an all-time high. People would have no sort of protection or stability. There would also be no one to control the people; no one will ensure peace amongst the people. Thanks to our police officers all of these possible dangerous situations are kept under control on a daily basis. Police officers put their lives on the line each dayRead MoreImmigration Laws And The United States1251 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration laws have resulted in a situation where many illegal immigrants live and work in the United States. Yet, it is an important issue that has been blown out of proportion by the media and politicians. Here in the United States, Syrian refugees have enriched our cultural growth into a more diverse and positive outcome and have enhanced our influence in the World. However, Americans have responded to their arrival with violence and hate towards them. In the late 19th century, the Arab worldRead MoreThe United States International Law1217 Words   |  5 Pages The most destructive and destabilizing state crimes are wars of aggression. Under George Bush, neoconservatives ushered in a climate of unilateralism as well as militarism which stemmed from America’s lengthy experiences involving â€Å"open door† imperialism. State crimes are defined as criminal acts perpetrated by state representatives in an attempt to serve in their job’s capacity. However, some have promoted an expanded description of state crimes which includes behavior which violates international

Firms should seek to “get their own house in order” before seeking to manage suppliers free essay sample

Assignment Title: Firms should seek to â€Å"get their own house in order† before seeking to manage suppliers Purchasing is a vital process of the company, 100% efficiency is required at all times. There must be proper organization and flexibility in this department. People working in this department should constantly evaluate the current purchasing scheme of the company and adapt to changes at all times. Purchasing department or team of a company basically seek to answer these two questions: what we buy and how we buy. The answers to these two questions can change depending to companies size and sector. Indeed, by answering these two questions is the main goal of procurement team or department is to create best value for money and to maximize it. It is possible to maximize best value for money by obtaining surplus value. Surplus value is different from the value. Surplus value locates between cost of production for supplier and value of the product to the buyer. This is called the area zone of agreement. The surplus value which is retained by supplier is called producer surplus and the value which is retained by buyer is called consumer surplus, the procurement team/department aim to maximize consumer surplus. Purchasing process means that demand management. There are two ways to make purchase decision make-buy or outsourcing. Make-buy is required internal management it is related to the organizational buying behavior. Outsourcing is required external management consist of supplier management. The fundamental issue in purchasing process is to provide efficiency in demand management. Efficiency of purchasing process is related for instance a reduction in the number of suppliers used an automation of the purchasing process, the use of framework agreements, and the development of trusting relationship with suppliers. Providing efficiency contribute to get power. Business life means power games. The market is unforgiving for weakness so at first hand, while the firm seeks to establish its own house in order before seeking to manage the suppliers. It will provide efficiency. In order to get successful purchasing process, firm should manage its demand efficiently and firstly firm should be sure to provide this efficiency by establishing â€Å"in its own house in order† in this case firm could get power above its suppliers. Demand management problems in an organization could appear in different ways (Londsdale, SPSM, Lecturer notes, Week 3) Maverick buying, fragmentation of spend, early specification, over-specification, unnecessary change to specifications, poor demand information, lack of clarity, adverse selection, inappropriate contracting, poor monitoring leading to moral hazard, unnecessary purchase. These problems occur alone or together. Organizational buying behavior involves a multi-person activity and it is true for 90% of organizational buying. This includes a very meticulous process which can even take more than a year to decide and conclude. Today’s organizations are aware of the costs involved in making timely, accurate and efficient decisions; create more value for money. If firms are to succeed in one facet of its global goal to be known in the market, a strong leadership should be in place; guide and make it move in a synchronized manner. Most of whom started small in its own right to be able to manage its own people easily, efficiently and most of all, avoid unaccounted costs. For a firm to manage its buying behavior and create a benchmark, it needs to: recognize a problem, acknowledge a general need, create or come up with product specifications, make an efficient and able supplier search, make a buying step, select a supplier, make an order-routine specification and conduct a post-purchase performance review. Once this process is harnessed over time; the next step to go bigger; to expand. (http://www. smartcompany. com. au/marketing/sales/22378-20111007-marketing-strategies-organisational-buyer-behaviour. html) To further elaborate: Recognize a problem- anticipate and plan for purchase on a routine basis Acknowledge a general need extensive, objective cost-benefit analysis Create or come up with product specifications – using precise technical description using techniques such as value analysis Make an efficient and able buyer search- extensive search that extends to the search for a supplier Make a buying step – business to business Select a supplier- made after extensive evaluation of objective information Make an order-routine specification-routine calculation of re-order points as well as time and place of delivery Conduct a post-purchase performance review – extensive comparison made and feedback given, concern with quality management at source. All of these elements could still fail with the existence of problems that should be recognized and avoided at first glance namely (Londsdale, SPSM, Lecturer notes, Week 3) maverick buying, fragmentation of spend, early specification, over-specification, unnecessary change to specifications, poor demand information, lack of clarity, adverse selection, inappropriate contracting, poor monitoring leading to moral hazard, and unnecessary purchase. When fragmentation exceeds its neutral level, means that parts or branches in this situation are unconnected and/or missing and still expected to come up with results the same as what the entire system once did (http://www. ourfurutre. com/real101. htm) the whole is always better in presence as everyone will have a better understanding of each function. It is also good to note that when there is a â€Å"whole Picture† concept. There is a better understanding as to the fluid interaction and dependency of each part resulting to better result of each task at hand. To cope with organizational fragmentation it’s important to understand why fragmentation arise in organization what are conflicts between branches or parts. Fragmentation arises in an organization because of several reasons. First, each department of an organization performs different functions, it follows that these departments have different needs. For instance, engineering department of a company would definitely use different computer from the HR department. These two departments have two different functions through both departments require computers for efficiency but both use special applications, features and specifications of computers to perform well. Legacy method is an old system that firms continue to practice these days. This is the second reason why fragmentation arises in organization. Maybe the system works satisfactory so organization sees no reason in changing it. The cost for changing and redesigning system could be costly both time and money compared to the anticipated appreciable benefits of replacing it to a new one. And lastly, difficulties in consolidating efforts in the organization. Human as we are, we have different opinions and our way of thinking is always different to one another. There are organizational factors that make consolidation efforts difficult. Conflicting preferences within organization arise due to limited rationality. Bounded rationality can also contribute to conflicting preferences for decision makers make decision with limited and often unreliable information. Limited time could and human minds limited capacity to evaluate and process information. Powers is exercised within organizations. People in higher position control over resources, rule-making, information and etc. lower ranks needed to comply to show obedience and respect thus result to conflicts. And lastly, each departments employees behave relating to their knowledge for example for manufacture department quality is important, for purchasing department price important. Each department has goals and priorities to fulfill,these can result to conflict as well. Conflicting preferences can be solve through identifying the problem and build organizational alliance to change internal client. Setting a standard and centralize preference within the organization would definitely help resolve this problem. Building alliances would demand purchasing managers to sort out personnel according to their rank. This could help to solve conflicting references in the organization. Furthermore, when fragmentation exceeds its neutral level, two problems that will basically occur in an instant. Inflation of transaction costs which an organization can face to cope with unnecessary suppliers. Organization could lose its leverage over its suppliers and suppliers tend to classify the customers. They tend to work with customers that work closely with their strategic objectives or make a good proportion of their turnover or help to spread their fixed cost but suppliers eliminate customers who don’t provide an attractive account or high volume of business. (Lonsdale and Watson, 2005) In a specific example, Rushmore University Hospital Trust (RUHT) (Lonsdale, SPSM Lectures, Case Study) RUHT has fragmented throughout its 9 budget centres and each budget centre, clinicians could independently purchase. Fragmentation happens most of the time; each clinician in each budget centre can purchase commodities with the same specifications but under very different terms. For example, x-ray films purchase price could be differentiated 45% between budget centres. Lack of coordination and supplier opportunism cause inefficiency in RUHT. By understanding the characteristics of each budget center’s procurement needs, it could succeed consolidation between budget services. Another conspicuous example is Vodafone (Lonsdale, SPSM Lectures, Case Study). In 2003, Vodafone Global Supply Chain Management Director, Detlef Schultz realized the internal procurement management problem. For instance, Vodafone has lack of information how it spend and it couldn’t translate its global size to the benefit. Schultz succeeds saving Money by putting together 17 disparate purchasing departments into one supply chain management. He introduced pre-agreed prices for frequently bought items. He provided the use e-auction system creates category management and developed different strategy for each category and it standardized the judgment way of suppliers so all this efforts to establish efficient procurement management result a great savings in Vodafone. Novartis also achieved cost saving by transforming its procurement strategy. Novartis is operating in seven different divisions and each of operating separately with their own CEO and CPO and it realized that 60 per cent of the overall expenditure is homogenous so Novartis achieved its goal like previous examples by leveraging its scale and by implementing global category management. In purchasing, demand management and procurement department capture power, decrease transaction costs, saving money and using companies scale and technology effectively, so by understanding companies own needs and improving information sources, providing coherence benevolently among brunches and departments and implementing appropriate strategies for each categories by this way company get efficiency in internal demand management and could reach its neutral level of fragmentation in purchasing. So by this way, company could share its value with its suppliers and monitor them in terms of even them pursuing companies values so company get leverage over its suppliers. Finally, providing efficiency in order house provide efficiency in the same time in suppliers management.

Kevin Badon Essays (715 words) - Health, Obesity, Bariatrics

Kevin Badon English 101 C. Gorvine Fall 2016 Childhood Obesity Childhood obesity is a problem that we have been dealing with for quite some time now, and parents are struggling to get a handle on their children's eating habits. The schools haven't really been much help, it's causing more and more health issues by the day. Families are forced to watch their children be morbidly obese, and instead of taking a stand and cutting down on children's consumption of fatty and high calorie foods, they don't. We as parents and love ones must take out the time and make a difference in our kids' lives, like encourage better eating habits, and physical exercise. To create change on this issue parents, schools, and high influential television networks should work together for the heath of children. As parents, being one of the most influential people in a child's life, we have the biggest role to play in keeping our kids healthy. The most commonly acknowledged influence, of course, is what parents feed their children. Where parents make, the mistake is that they buy products that contribute to obesity. About a third of children and adolescents in the United States weigh too much, thinking that cheaper is better, but that is misunderstood. Keith Ayoob, a registered dietician with the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York, says "This new study should come to action by parents to look in their pantry and clean out all the junk food" ( qtd. Hellmich). The way parents can help fix the issue, is to encourage better eating habits, become more active and eat snacks in moderation. Also, parents need to become more educated about the health of children. Just as well as the parents, the schools are an influence on kid's food intake. The schools have these types of foods available to children, by having it in the cafeterias. They are serving items such as pizza, hot dogs; because of that kids will be drawn to eat these types of foods more often. To help make this issue better, they should make healthier food options available to students. There is healthier foods such as fruits and vegetables. Per Kidshealth.org, "Encourage kids to choose cafeteria meals that include fruits, vegetables, lean meats, and whole grains, such as whole wheat bread instead of white bread. They should also avoid fried foods when possible and choose low-fat milk or water as a drink". This issue is a very sad and depressing one, although we have the knowledge and resources to make it better, we choose not to. Mainly the big companies are more concerned about capital gain than the health of the children. Many children have a higher risk of Type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, and other harmful diseases. Children will also will be face with sleep apnea, making it very difficult for them to breath while asleep. It will make simple task hard for them like walking upstairs, running, and jumping as a normal child would do easily. On the other hand, the future could be a very promising one if an effort was put forth the help children. There would be less obese children in the world, and fewer children with horrible diseases that rob children of a healthy childhood. The reason for this change is simple " give the children a longer life span", and they can look forward to a healthy adult life as well. "A study in 2005 found that children today may live shorter lives by two t o five years than their parents because of obesity"(Hellmich). What could happen if it isn't changed, is that we'll continue to struggle with the obesity issue and it will definitely get worse; The diabetes rate will rise, and more kids will perish at a young age because of it. More parents will have broken hearts because of losing their children, regretting not taking more initiative to educate themselves and their children on eating healthier. According to Bethany Thayer of the American Dietetic Association, " parents may think they can get away with making unhealthy choices, but the kids are watching"( Hellmich). Works Cited BIBLIOGRAPHY Hellmich, Nanci. "parents must be role model to fight obesity." USA TODAY (2010): 3. Kidsheath from Nemours. 29

Difference of the 13 American Colonies essays

Difference of the 13 American Colonies essays To say that the 13 colonies were similar by the time of the Revolution is not completely true. Although the colonies may have been more united by the Revolution, they did not necessarily share all the same characteristics. Agriculturally the colonies were vastly different. The South was consisted in many large plantations. The primary crop of these plantations was tobacco and cotton. These crops required much manual labor to plant and harvest. This made much of the economy of the South dependent on cheap slave labor. This contrasted with the New England colonies, whose agriculture consisted mostly of small family farms that grew the essentials that the families needed to survive that was dependent on commerce. The Middle colonies were the breadbasket of the New World. They grew much of the grain and cereals that were needed throughout the colonies. The various climates also contributed in the difference of agriculture. Even though the South grew the cotton, most of the manufacturing was in the North. The North had the mills and the skilled labor. Most of the colonies had developed seaports as much commerce traveled by sea. New Englands abundant ship stalks made it an area that lived substantially off the sea. New England not only became an area not only known for fish but also its ports had powerful shipping industries. The middle colonies were anchored by Philadelphia, which was the most developed of all the colonies in the New World. The great variations in religion also contributed to the difference in the colonies. Since no one religion was dominate in the colonies it forced all the different sects to cooperate and helped lead to at least an outward tolerance of other faiths. The Quakers of the middle colonies were much like the Puritans of the North. The Southern colonies were primarily Anglicans which religious wise gave them the closet ties to England. While religion was important in all the colonies,...

The California Center for Land and Water Stewardship Article

The California Center for Land and Water Stewardship - Article Example The need for conservation and land planning is especially necessary for Southern California’s desert-like conditions. The first goal is â€Å"Seek out opportunities and grant funding for projects relating to land and water conservation, stewardship, planning, and design in California†. This goal makes sense. It is also essential this goal is first. Funding for CCLAWS is necessary for the project to work. CCLAWS finds funding from contracted projects, grants, consultant and consultation coordination of a CPP Clearinghouse, professional education, workshops and certifications, development and private support activities, database clearinghouse and community information resources, community workshops and education. These funding sources will help fund projects regarding land and water conservation, stewardship, planning, and design. This type of fundraising makes the outlook for this organization good. The second goal is â€Å"Support the work of, and increase collaboration between, academic departments and units, private organizations, and public agencies with goals similar to those of the Center without duplicating efforts†. This goal also makes sense. If goals and projects are doubled than resources will be wasted. Individual projects can receive enough funding without inefficient waste. There is too much waste today in funding projects. A lack of communication is one of the main reasons. If all parties will communicate, then unnecessary funding of projects already funded. The last goal states â€Å"Through education, outreach, and advocacy encourage respect for Southern California’s rivers, railways, open space, and nature from multiple perspectives and foster sustainability by balancing natural, social, and economic systems†. It is easier to fund campaigns that educate the public on the damage littering can do, then fund a project to clean up a polluted river or park.

Comparison between website verification systems and their technique Essay

Comparison between website verification systems and their technique - Essay Example Keeping in view the growing requirement of making the website more effective, optimized and reachable to maximum internet users, the search engines have launched their verification systems so that the owners of the websites as well as other internet users can verify the contents of the site with the help of these systems. Google, Yahoo and Live search have provided the opportunity of the website contents verification through the implementation of their specialized website verification systems (Greg, 2008, p76). The research paper aims to present detailed understanding of the three major website verification systems implemented by major search engines. In this regard, the essay discusses the techniques, options and methods of website verification offered by these three systems separately. In order to explain the usefulness and setbacks of each of these verification systems practically, the essay also presents the results of the analysis of a website that has been tested using these three systems separately. The objective of these tests and presentation of their results is to identify the limitations and accuracy of each of these verification systems. The growing use of internet of wide range of business purposes insists the software and internet technology related companies to design different programs and systems that can meet the growing demands of the internet users and website developers in the technology driven market place of today. In response to this need, there is some specialized websites verification systems designed and implemented to provide more refined and sublime web developing facilities to the web developers (Greg, 2008, p76). These systems have been designed on the behalf of the most popular internet search engines. There are three important website verification systems that are implemented by Google, Live Search and Yahoo.

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles Essay Example for Free

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles Essay The first hydrogen fuel cell was invented in 1839 by William Groves who conducted an experiment that proved electric current could be produced from a electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. He named the invention a gas voltaic battery. For 120 years the technology layed dormant until 1959 when a modified farm tractor was produced with 15 kilowatt fuel cell. In 1966 the first hydrogen fuel cell road vehicle was made, it had a range of 120 miles and a maximum speed of 70 mph. Due to high production costs the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle program was canceled. For thirty years the hydrogen fuel cell was used for space exploration. In 2003 a government initiative was announced to promote the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. Hydrogen fuel cells can significantly reduce emissions of greenhouse gasses and theoretically could replace the internal combustion engine. There are a variety of challenges that face further development of the fuel cell vehicle. As of 2014 a total of about 60 hydrogen refueling stations are avaliable to the public worldwide. In the Unitied States there are 12 hydrogen refueling stations 10 of which are located in California. Hydrogen fuel costs 400% more to produce than gasoline. There is a high amount of energy that is needed to make hydrogen into fuel. Hydrogen fuel is stored pressurized form in complex storage tanks. The fuel is kept at a low temperature if hydrogen fuel comes into contact with human skin it can cause immediate frost bite. When there is an improperly designed or damaged valve in a hydrogen vehicle it can cause the tank to over pressurize and explode. Hydrogen fuel is extremely flammable if it comes into contact with an oxidizer such as oxygen it immediately catches fire and burns with an invisible flame. In a car accident a ruptured tank can explode from depressurization. Hydrogen fuel can leak into a cars interior, the driver would be unaware of the odorless gas and be breathing no oxygen if the air conditioning is on recycle causing loss of conciseness or asphyxiation. As of 2014 the range of a hydrogen vehicle is 100 miles on average to 300 miles maximum. A 20 gallon gasoline tank is the equivalent of an 80 gallon hydrogen fuel tank. The National Research Council reported in February 2004 The DOE should halt efforts on high pressure tanks and cryogenic liquid storage. They have little promise of long term practicality for lite duty vehicles. In 2015 Toyota will release its first production hydrogen fuel cell mid size sedan for the price of $70,000. Honda has a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle at the cost of $120,000. There are prototype hydrogen fuel cell vehicle models being produced by a number of auto makers. A May 2008 scientific study in Wired News reported experts say it will be 40 years or more before hydrogen has any meaningful impact on gasoline consumption or global warming, and we cant afford to wait that long. In the meantime, fuel cells are diverting resources from more immediate solutions.

Mercantilism Essay -- Economics

Mercantilism Mercantilism is the economic theory that a nation's prosperity depends on its supply of gold and silver; that the total volume of trade is unchangeable. This theory suggests that the government should play an active role in the economy by encouraging exports and discouraging imports, especially through the use of tariffs. Spain and England used the mercantile system to benefit the mother countries. The mercantile system had special regulations, which usually extracted some sort of reaction from the colonies. If necessary, the policies would be changed to better suit the mother country. The favorable balance of trade was upheld through certain regulations. No foreign trade was allowed for the colony unless it passed through the mother country first and it moved on mother country ships. Furthermore, no foreign settlers were allowed in the colony. No colonial industry was allowed. The colony had to remain dependent on the mother country for industrial necessities, it was not allowed to become competition for foreign markets, and migrations restrictions limited availability of skilled artisans. Regulatory taxation was another mercantile regulation. Protective â€Å"tariffs† were used on foreign imports to the colony, and revenue was raised for the mother country. No colonial self-government was allowed, either. The mother country avoided challenges to its economic authority, and the colonies couldn’t enact pro colonial/anti-mother country laws. The Spanish used three mercantilist devices to protect their commercial monopoly in the New World. They prohibited foreign ships from entering Spanish colonial ports, and no foreigner could send goods to the colonies or take gold bullion out of Spain in pay... ...land, vigorous attempts to prevent smuggling in the American colonies after 1765 led to arbitrary seizures of ships and aroused hostility. The legislation had an unfavorable effect on the Channel Islands, Scotland (before the Act of Union of 1707), and especially Ireland, by excluding them from a preferential position within the system. Shaken by the American Revolution, the system, along with mercantilism, fell into decline. The acts were finally repealed in 1849. Mercantilism was widely used in many different superpowers in the 18th century. Depending on what superpower used it, the colonies under the superpowers were restricted from doing certain things, and had to follow certain mercantile regulations. The mercantile systems most likely ended up with the colonies undergoing revolutions (America and England) which resulted in the end of mercantilism. Mercantilism Essay -- Economics Mercantilism Mercantilism is the economic theory that a nation's prosperity depends on its supply of gold and silver; that the total volume of trade is unchangeable. This theory suggests that the government should play an active role in the economy by encouraging exports and discouraging imports, especially through the use of tariffs. Spain and England used the mercantile system to benefit the mother countries. The mercantile system had special regulations, which usually extracted some sort of reaction from the colonies. If necessary, the policies would be changed to better suit the mother country. The favorable balance of trade was upheld through certain regulations. No foreign trade was allowed for the colony unless it passed through the mother country first and it moved on mother country ships. Furthermore, no foreign settlers were allowed in the colony. No colonial industry was allowed. The colony had to remain dependent on the mother country for industrial necessities, it was not allowed to become competition for foreign markets, and migrations restrictions limited availability of skilled artisans. Regulatory taxation was another mercantile regulation. Protective â€Å"tariffs† were used on foreign imports to the colony, and revenue was raised for the mother country. No colonial self-government was allowed, either. The mother country avoided challenges to its economic authority, and the colonies couldn’t enact pro colonial/anti-mother country laws. The Spanish used three mercantilist devices to protect their commercial monopoly in the New World. They prohibited foreign ships from entering Spanish colonial ports, and no foreigner could send goods to the colonies or take gold bullion out of Spain in pay... ...land, vigorous attempts to prevent smuggling in the American colonies after 1765 led to arbitrary seizures of ships and aroused hostility. The legislation had an unfavorable effect on the Channel Islands, Scotland (before the Act of Union of 1707), and especially Ireland, by excluding them from a preferential position within the system. Shaken by the American Revolution, the system, along with mercantilism, fell into decline. The acts were finally repealed in 1849. Mercantilism was widely used in many different superpowers in the 18th century. Depending on what superpower used it, the colonies under the superpowers were restricted from doing certain things, and had to follow certain mercantile regulations. The mercantile systems most likely ended up with the colonies undergoing revolutions (America and England) which resulted in the end of mercantilism.

Analysis of Theoretical Framework

Analysis of Theoretical Framework EDUC 701: Theories and Research in Educational Psychology February 24, 2013 ? Introduction Teachers are required to teach reading and comprehension skills to students and help them be able to read and comprehend materials from the past and present. Dr. Constance L. Pearson (1990) writes a dissertation entitled â€Å"The Comparison of the Effects of Three Prereading Advance Organizers on the Literal Comprehension of Fifth-Grade Social Studies Materials† in this paper he is trying to see if the use of a prereading advanced organizer would help build the fifth grade students comprehension and knowledge skills.During this stage of students learning development it is very important to start working on their reading and comprehension skills. Analysis The theoretical framework for this dissertation is using fifth-grade social studies materials and having a prereading strategy of an advanced organizer to see if it would increase comprehension and know ledge in the children while they read their textbooks. The advanced organizers that are being used are visual, graphic and problematic situation approach. The advanced organizers are being used to help the students with any concepts that they are not familiar with.By using these organizers strategies would be developed to help assist in learning the material. There were two research questions to validate the theory that is being used. The first question related to reading comprehension and how it affects students when they are given a prereading activity while using one of the advanced organizers. The second research question relates to the reading comprehension of the other two advanced organizer approaches when they are given a preading activity. It is believed that students reading comprehension can be increased from the use of the advanced organizers for their particular subject area.The purpose of this research was to determine if one of the prereading advance organizer strateg ies would carry distinction from the other two approaches. During the research many factors had to be considered and one such factor were students not being able to derive meaning from what they read in content area textbooks. One reason that the reader may have a problem with content text is that the material is written on a higher reading level then the intended reader. As a result the writers have tried to simplify the terminology and shortened the sentences.They did not take into consideration factors that inherent in the reader such motivation, reading ability and interest. There is one human factor that has the most influence on comprehension and that is schemata. Comprehension of the material is being determined by the knowledge that the reader brings to the selection. The more schemata the reader has for the topic the more they will understand the topic. Content materials especially in the area of social studies seek to develop many concepts; students often do not have the f ramework to attach new knowledge.Students must have an understanding of the concepts in order to comprehend the material they are reading. In chapter two of the dissertation Pearson explains how the research and literature that relate to the relationship of advance organizers to reading comprehension. He discusses the history of the study of reading comprehension and advance organizers. The schema theory is discussed as it relates to the study of advance organizers. Before 1970 reading comprehension was viewed as a process solely activated by the text itself.The views on reading comprehension have since changed and now text has been determined to be only the framework for meaning. The reader must be able to construct an internal conceptual representation of what is being read. Conclusion Therefore, through research it was determined the usage of advance organizers before the materials were read, did bring about some remembering by activating important concepts that were already pres ent in the children’s cognitive structure. The usage of advanced organizers should reinforce the importance of the new materials by providing the framework of previous learning materials.To determine if the usage of advanced organizers remain effective you should upon its ability to support new ideas from the student’s previous ideas. The prereading strategy of advanced organizers introduces how students can attach concepts to new learning materials Reference Pearson, C. L. P. (1990). The comparison of the effects of three prereading advance organizers on the literal comprehension of fifth-grade social studies materials. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN.

What Was Life Like During the Pax Romana

Pax Romana is Latin for Roman Peace. The Pax Romana lasted from about 27 BCE (the reign of Augustus Caesar) until CE 180 (the death of Marcus Aurelius). Some date the Pax Romana from CE 30 to the reign of Nerva (96-98 CE). How the Phrase Pax Romana Was Created Edward Gibbon, author of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire is sometimes credited with the idea of the Pax Romana. He writes: Notwithstanding the propensity of mankind to exalt the past and to depreciate the present, the tranquil and prosperous state of the empire was warmly felt and honestly confessed by the provincials as well as Romans. They acknowledged that the true principles of the social life, laws, agriculture, and science, which had been first invented by the wisdom of Athens, were now firmly established by the power of Rome, under whose auspicious influence the fiercest barbarians were united by an equal government and common language. They affirm that, with the improvement of arts, the human species was visibly multiplied. They celebrate the increasing splendor of the cities, the beautiful face of the country, cultivated and adorned like an immense garden; and the long festival of peace, which was enjoyed by so many nations, forgetful of their ancient animosities, and delivered from the apprehension of future danger. What Was the Pax Romana Like? The Pax Romana was a period of relative peace and cultural achievement in the Roman Empire.It was during this time that monumental structures such as Hadrians Wall, Neros Domus Aurea, the Flavians Colosseum and Temple of Peace were built. It as also later called the Silver Age of Latin literature. Roman roads traversed the empire, and the Julio-Claudian Emperor Claudius established Ostia as a port city for Italy. The Pax Romana came after an extended period of civil conflict in Rome. Augustus became emperor after his posthumously adoptive father, Julius Caesar, was assassinated. Caesar had begun a civil war when he crossed the Rubicon, leading his troops into Roman territory. Earlier in his life, Augustus had witnessed the fighting between his uncle-by-marriage Marius and another Roman autocrat, Sulla.The famous Gracchi brothers had been killed for political reasons. How Peaceful Was the Pax Romana? The Pax Romana was a time of great achievement and relative peace within Rome. Romans no longer fought one another, by and large. There were exceptions, such as the period at the end of the first imperial dynasty, when, after Nero committed suicide, four other emperors followed in rapid succession, each deposing the previous one violently. The Pax Romana did not mean Rome was at peace vis-a-vis the peoples at its borders. Peace in Rome meant a strong professional army stationed mostly away from the heart of the Empire, and instead, at the roughly 6000 miles of frontiers of imperial frontier. There werent enough soldiers to spread evenly, so the legions were stationed at the locations thought most likely to cause trouble. Then, when the soldiers retired, they generally settled in the land where they had been stationed. To maintain order in the city of Rome, Augustus established a sort of police force, the vigiles. The praetorian guard protected the emperor.